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segunda-feira, novembro 21, 2005

A Ciência Moderna reduz o Homem

Nos acostumamos a vislumbrar o mundo pelas lentes da ciência por mais de quatro séculos e nossa sensibilidade diante das maravilhas da natureza foi embotada. A perspectiva científica com seu método clássico, à base da prova, se mostrou importante enquanto divisora de águas entre o misticismo medieval primário. Sobretudo, abalou o fanatismo religioso que levou à inquisição e aos inúmeros episódios de intolerância que mergulharam a Europa em um mar de sangue que se estendeu até o Novo Mundo.
Mas, uma vez liberto, o Prometeu da ciência, sem controles e desrespeitando os fundamentos do convívio humano por séculos, tornou-se um pesadelo que também produziu seus próprios fanatismos e o terror de massas genocida, que caracterizou o século XX. A ciência dos iluministas que visava à libertação dos homens do que se supunha a opressão das trevas converteu-se em seu oposto, uma arrogante ferramenta a serviço das elites econômicas e políticas, despojada de princípios, ignorante da ética, desvinculada da reflexão filosófica maior e insensível às grandes indagações do Homem desde os primórdios da vida em comunidade.
O período do renascimento foi qualitativamente diferente do iluminismo posterior. A antiguidade greco-romana era descoberta, a ciência passava a ser cultivada e apoiada pelos príncipes e nobres, mas as tradições esotéricas e místicas, as artes e a filosofia caminhavam em harmonia em um humanismo completo e global. Os grandes cientistas dos séculos XVI e XVII, Johannes Kepler, Isaac Newton, Leibiniz e tantos outros, ocupavam-se da astronomia e da física como instrumentos para a contemplação da verdade mística e divina.
Para Tycho Brahe, o formidável astrônomo observacional que construiu o maior observatório de sua época, reunindo a mais fantástica coleção de dados sobre os objetos celestes até então vista (que amparou as próprias teorias de Kepler), o rigor em precisar a posição dos astros e suas órbitas era fundamental para traçar horóscopos. Sim. A astronomia, em essência, não fazia qualquer sentido se não pudesse ser empregada como meio de aprimorar as previsões da astrologia. Importantes eram os homens e seu destino, não o exercício científico per si. Filosofia e ciência ainda não haviam se apartado, e celebres cientistas ou matemáticos como Leibniz e Descartes assentavam seus sistemas em uma procura resoluta pela razão última das coisas que remetia a Deus.
Contemporâneo e tido como co-descobridor do cálculo, Leibniz discutiu a localização da alma e concluiu, como Kepler, que o movimento depende da ação de um espírito, Deus. Isto pareceria estranho e inaceitável para um físico moderno, mas Leibniz partilhava do visão de mundo dominante (“Weltanshauung”) em que a metafísica abstrata conduziria o homem ao encontro do criador. Déscartes criou um método até hoje associado ao “cientificismo” e o crítico vulgar equipara “mecanicismo” a “cartesianismo” pois se esquece, deliberadamente ou não, que todo o seu sistema voltava-se premeditadamente para Deus.
Do que se sabe de Isaac Newton, seus estudos sobre mecânica, ótica, astronomia e cálculo diferencial e integral ocuparam bem pouco de seu tempo de vida. Suas maiores obsessões eram a teologia e alquimia, às quais se dedicou com paixão durante anos a fio. Talvez para Newton, assim como para Brahe, Kepler e, quem sabe, o próprio Galileu, progredir na concepção do mundo e conhecer suas leis naturais (ampliando a previsibilidade dos fenômenos) não fosse mais que um instrumento para alcançar a divindade e apreender parte do mistério da existência.
O homem era a medida de todas as coisas e aquela que se erguia como o campo mais importante do conhecimento, a alquimia, mais que a busca da pedra filosofal ou a transformação dos metais inferiores em ouro – objetivos de artífices vulgares – procurava separar o sutil do denso, a matéria corrutível da alma, nas palavras de Hermes Trimegistus na “Pedra da Esmeralda”.

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